La dépense d’énergie (ou les besoins énergétiques) correspond à l’énergie nécessaire au fonctionnement de l’organisme en toute circonstance.
C’est via la bioénergétique que l’énergie apportée par l’alimentation est transformée en énergie chimique utilisable par l’organisme. Cela permettra de compenser les dépenses énergétiques quotidiennes dues aux besoins de l’organisme.
Les principales formes de dépenses énergétiques
Pendant la journée on utilise de l’énergie de différentes manières. En effet, la dépense énergétique est répartit de la façon suivante :
- Le métabolisme de repos qui représente 60-75 % de la dépense énergétique totale.
- La dépense énergétique liée à l’activité physique, dont la part varie en fonction de la nature, de la durée et de l’intensité de l’exercice (20-25%).
- L’effet thermique des aliments (environ 10 %).
- L’impact d’un état physiologique particulier (croissance, grossesse, rétablissement…).
Par ailleurs, la dépense énergétique et le métabolisme de repos sont proportionnels au poids et à la masse maigre. Par conséquence, ce sont des paramètres qui varient d’un individu à un autre.
En résumé, les grandes fonctions biologiques (croissance, développement, reproduction…) sont un coût énergétique pour l’organisme. La somme de ce coût est la dépense énergétique totale.
Apports et dépenses énergétiques
L’homme est incapable de fabriquer l’énergie. Pour couvrir ses besoins, il la puise dans le milieu extérieur ou dans ses réserves. Ainsi, il obtient de l’énergie chimique utilisable : l’ATP (Adénosine triphosphate). En l’absence de variation du poids ou de la composition corporelle, les apports énergétiques sont égaux aux dépenses.
Les macronutriments (glucides, lipides, protéines), qu’ils aient pour origine l’alimentation ou les réserves endogènes, constituent l’unique source énergétique pour l’homme. D’ailleurs, ils contribuent à la couverture énergétique de façon hiérarchisée : d’abord les glucides, puis les lipides et enfin les protéines.
Pour finir, il y a différentes méthodes pour estimer la dépense énergétique. En effet, la transformation de l’énergie des aliments en énergie chimique est un processus qui consomme de l’oxygène et qui produit de la chaleur. La mesure de la consommation d’oxygène (calorimétrie indirecte) et/ou de la production de chaleur (calorimétrie directe) sont les deux méthodes de mesure de la dépense énergétique.
[Photo de couverture : Mohamed Nohassi sur Unsplash]
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