Le glucagon est une hormone sécrétée par des cellules spécifiques du pancréas. On parle de cellules alpha des îlots de Langerhans. Le pancréas est une glande de l’abdomen qui participe à la digestion et à la production d’hormones (glucagon, insuline).
Cette hormone intervient dans la régulation du taux de sucre sanguin. A l’inverse de l’insuline, le glucagon est une hormone hyperglycémiante, c’est-à-dire qu’elle augmente la glycémie (taux de sucre dans le sang).
Un pancréas sain sécrète à la fois de l’insuline et du glucagon, pour maintenir une glycémie normale. En temps normal, chez une personne sans diabète, il y a une balance entre ces deux hormones. Ce qui permet de maintenir le taux de sucre dans le sang à des valeurs normales.
Nataliya Vaitkevich depuis Pexels
Comment le glucagon agit-il ?
Le glucagon stimule la production de glucose différentes voies métaboliques, permettant ainsi de maintenir un taux de glucose correspondant au besoin de l’organisme. Pour ce faire, le glucagon mobilise le glycogène (réserve de glucides) stocké dans le foie, celui-ci étant alors libéré dans le sang sous forme de glucose.
En effet, le glucagon est un régulateur important lors de conditions physiologiques comme le jeûne, l’exercice physique et l’hypoglycémie. Ainsi, le glucagon va permettre le déstockage rapide de glucose pour répondre aux besoins de l’organisme.
Cependant, les réserves du foie sont limitées. Quand les besoins en énergie de l’organisme persistent, l’organisme fait alors appel à une autre réserve : les graisses. Lesquelles, sous l’influence du glucagon, pourront être transformées en corps cétoniques. Ces derniers sont comme des carburants alternatifs au glucose pour nos tissus.
Finalement, le principal stimulant de la sécrétion de glucagon est la baisse de la glycémie. Le stress, l’ingestion de protéines, ou encore certains acides gras peuvent également stimuler la sécrétion de glucagon.
Photo de couverture : Nataliya Vaitkevich provenant de Pexels
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